抗(耐)震压力表液压伺服脉动校验装置应用研究

执行SY/T 6817—2010《抗(耐)震压力表校准方法》对抗(耐)震压力表进行校验时,需要在量程的30%～40%之间的一个检验点上施加正弦波脉动压力,其幅度不大于该点压力值的10%,脉动频率为（60±5）次/min。为了获得这样的脉动压力源,采取气驱液泵预压产生检验点基准值,及利用液驱液增压缸产生10%增幅的高压值,通过伺服液压控制增压缸活塞的往复运动产生波动范围在基准值和高压值之间的正弦脉动。研制的校验装置脉动频率和幅度设定方便、环境参数影响小,通过工控机采集卡控制,显示界面明晰、控制精度高,适合于试验室、检定室校验抗(耐)震压力表使用等。     

低热应变镁合金研究综述

镁和镁基合金是重要的轻量化金属材料,广泛应用于汽车、通讯、航空等领域。由于镁合金热膨胀系数较高,当应用于精密器件时易导致组装精密度降低、力学性能下降等问题。因此需要研发低热应变镁基材料,以满足此类应用的要求。本文对降低镁合金热膨胀系数的原理及方法进行综述,归纳比较了合金化、复合材料和特殊加工工艺等调整镁合金热膨胀系数的主要方法的原理,总结出高熔点元素合金化、高硬度颗粒掺杂、低热膨胀系数纤维掺杂以及热处理结合挤压加工方法等降低镁合金热膨胀系数的有效方法,并对未来该领域的研究趋势进行了展望。     

Messtechnische Herausforderungen bei der Analyse von hochdynamischen Aufprallbeanspruchungen

Metrological challenges analyzing high dynamic impact on reinforced slabs The comprehension of high dynamic impact processes on reinforced concrete structures is of essential importance for the dimensioning of structures regarding exceptional loading scenarios like airplane impacts. Since, for high strain rates in comparison with quasi‐static conditions an altered material behavior appears, an adequate methodology and application of appropriate measurement is required to assess the structural behavior of building components. The present paper describes the metrological methodology and the challenges of the experimental investigations of reinforced concrete slabs under impact with loading periods of only a few μs or ms. The determination of time history curves of impact velocities, bearing forces, displacements and the determination of sound wave velocities inside the structure requires an appropriate high sampling rate with the signal recording. The results lately lead to a holistic assessment of the structural behavior and the damage phenomena of such processes.     

Mechanische Hochtemperatureigenschaften von flugaschebasierten Geopolymerbetonen

Mechanical properties of fly ash‐based geopolymer concretes at high temperature At present, concretes based on alkali‐activated binders, so‐called geopolymer concretes, are investigated intensively in the building materials industry and by the research community as environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement‐based concretes. These inorganic binders, which are based on industrial by‐products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag, exhibit high resistance against corrosive acids and salts, if properly designed. The mechanical properties of fly ash‐based geopolymer concretes at high temperatures are subject of systematic investigations at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) to create a basis for the structural design of fire exposed concrete members based on alkali‐activated binders. The concrete specimens, produced with quartz aggregates or lightweight aggregates and heated to a maximum temperature of 750 °C, exhibited a decrease of compressive strength up to temperatures of ca. 300 °C, attributed to formation of microcracks caused by dehydration. At higher temperatures the compressive strength of the investigated geopolymer concretes recovered partly, due to sintering processes starting from ca. 500 °C. Because of this beneficial property when compared to conventional concretes, geopolymer concretes can potentially be applied in infrastructure facilities where fire resistance is critical. From the results of the thermomechanical tests stress‐strain relationships are derived that can be used for the structural design of members made from geopolymer concretes.     

Influence of strain histories on liquefaction resistance of sand

The liquefaction resistance of sand increases with cyclic pre-shearing and pre-shaking as a result of earthquakes if the strain level in the pre-shearing is small. When larger shear strains are imposed, liquefaction resistance decreases. These complicated effects of pre-shearing histories on the liquefaction resistance are investigated in this study through a series of cyclic triaxial tests. Various combinations of cyclic stress amplitude and number of cycles of pre-shearing are examined. The tested sand is Toyoura Sand at 45% relative density, under a confining pressure of 50 kPa. Test results indicate that for the range of shear strain amplitude in pre-shearing smaller than 0.35%, the liquefaction resistance increases with pre-shearing. The increase in the liquefaction resistance depends strongly on the volumetric strain in the pre-shearing, and several effects of the shear stress amplitude and number of cycles can be negligible. Small volumetric strain of the order of 1% doubled the liquefaction resistance. Meanwhile, in the range of shear strain amplitude larger than 0.6%, the liquefaction resistance decreases. The liquefaction resistance decreases as the shear strain amplitude increases. Shear strain amplitude is one of the factors dominating this degrading effect, and the volumetric strain exerts beneficial effects to a certain extent. In this study, another series of tests are conducted to investigate the combined effects of small and large strain amplitude pre-shearing. It is observed that small shear strain pre-shearing cycles subsequent to large shear strain cycles erased the degrading effect of the latter. However, a large shear strain pre-shearing after small strain cycles degrades the beneficial effect of the small shear strain pre-shearing cycles previously applied to the specimens; however, the effects of the former small strain pre-shearing remains.     

Q3原状黄土变形过程中的应变速率效应

为揭示应变速率对黄土体变形过程的影响规律,以兰州Q3黄土为对象,在不同含水率和围压条件下,系统开展黄土体应变速率效应的三轴试验研究,且以应力-应变曲线、抗剪强度、孔隙压力作为关键要素进行分析。结果表明：应力-应变曲线存在应变软化效应,高应变率促使应变软化的产生,但高含水率、高围压抑制应变软化的产生;应变速率对抗剪强度有显著影响,抗剪强度随应变速率的增大呈现先增大再减小的规律,黏聚力的变化规律与之相同,应变速率对内摩擦角的影响规律与之相反;应变速率对孔隙压力的增长趋势几乎没有影响,但孔隙压力峰值受应变速率的影响显著,且含水率和围压不同,其变化规律存在差异。Q3原状黄土变形过程中存在明显的应变速率效应,其对黄土地区工程应用和丰富黄土力学具有积极的意义。     

钢桥面沥青混合料铺装应变动态响应实测研究

掌握钢桥面沥青混合料铺装层在车载作用下的真实力学特性对桥面铺装体系设计有重要意义,而现阶段现场桥面铺装层的力学实测数据仍偏少,尤其缺乏对铺装层不同温度下服役时力学特性的长期监测。为此,该研究对钢桥面双层SMA混合料铺装进行现场实桥加载试验,实测铺装层在低温、中温、高温3种服役温度下的应变响应数据。试验结果表明,钢桥梯形肋正上方铺装层混合料在中低温服役状态下主要承受压应变的作用,而在高温服役时则主要承受拉应变的作用;动载作用过程中铺装层底纵向应变会出现拉压应变交替作用的现象,而横向应变只体现为拉应变或压应变的形式;加载车行驶速度对混合料的应变极值均有明显的影响,加载车低速行驶时混合料层底横向及纵向变形最为显著。同时,研究利用加载试验中铺装层应变响应时程曲线,计算不同加载状态下混合料对应的加载频率数值,计算结果可为钢桥面铺装混合料室内试验中加载频率参数的确定提供参考。     

珊瑚砂动剪切模量预测的应变-损伤状态耦合模型

对南海饱和珊瑚砂进行了4类不同加载模式的不排水动三轴试验,研究了不同相对密度Dr和平均有效围压σ'0下加载第一周的动剪切模量比G1st/G0与剪应变幅值γa的关系,G1st/G0受Dr的影响很小,随σ'0的增大而增大。由于分级加载过程中土体结构与相对密度发生改变,在γa3×10-4时,应变控制的分级循环加载获得的G1st/G0-γa曲线位于等应变幅值循环加载获得的G1st/G0-γa曲线的上方。结合两类试验结果,给出了饱和珊瑚砂的G1st/G0-γa模型。基于弹性应变能理论,提出了可以描述土体损伤状态的状态参数Pd(damage parameter),探究了不同加载模式下动剪切模量比G/G0随土体损伤状态参数Pd的发展规律。在双对数坐标中,同一应变幅值下的(1-G/G0)-Pd可用直线表示,其斜率与应变幅值γa和历史加载过程中的最大应变幅值γa,max有关。结合G1st/G0-γa和G/G0-Pd关系,给出了可以同时反映应变幅值和破坏状态影响的珊瑚砂动剪切模量预测模型。     

硬石膏岩膨胀特性试验及隧道抗膨胀衬砌设计

石膏质岩的膨胀机理复杂,膨胀时间漫长,其膨胀力对隧道支护结构破坏性极强。本文采用室内试验方法研究了硬石膏岩的膨胀力学特性,得出膨胀应力-应变曲线为凹形函数,膨胀应变-时间曲线为“S”型函数, 膨胀应力-时间曲线为指数型函数等规律。基于试验结果提出了可考虑时间效应的硬石膏岩膨胀变形计算公式,进而建立硬石膏岩隧道围岩膨胀变形、膨胀应力及时间的关系,用以描述隧道修建过程中膨胀应力应变的动态变化。并提出一种新型石膏质岩隧道抗膨胀衬砌设计,从主动和被动两个方面减缓石膏岩遇水致膨胀对衬砌结构的影响,为类似工程提供借鉴与思考。     

动载诱发巷道底板冲击失稳机制及防控技术

针对巷道底板冲击地压的特点,基于材料力学理论与能量原理,建立了巷道底板冲击失稳力学模型,推导出了巷道底板发生冲击失稳的能量判据。通过数值模拟方法,分析了深埋巷道底板水平应力和弹性应变能密度演化规律,得出巷道底板水平应力是底板冲击主要诱发因素,且当巷道埋深一定时,动载强度越大,则水平应力对底板动压显现的控制作用越显著。基于理论与数值模拟分析结果,提出了深埋巷道底板大直径钻孔卸压方法,并进行了现场测试,结果表明大直径钻孔底板卸压有效地解除了底板冲击,保障了巷道安全高效掘进,可为类似矿井巷道底板冲击地压防治提供参考。